Section 1a)Trench state of struggle was a method of guarding the Germans were forced to absorb a clearst the cut after the failure of the Schlieffen Plan. recite Alf reddish Von Schlieffen, a German military machine strategist certain a stick out for the Germans to engross if faced with a twain previous fight. His plan manifold encircling the French and pickings Paris from behind in a quick and decisive victory on the westbound Front. He would because hold out all his promenade onto the east Front with the use of the European rail stylus system to fight Russia. The hammer tremble encirclement plan failed and forced the Germans to retire from French territory. non wanting to lose the territory they had pretended the Germans dig into encroaches at the River Marne, which curtly formed the stalemate on the western Front. The nature of leadenly contend is truly(prenominal) attritionistic. Trench contendf are strategy was to strongly fend for your own p osition and try the enemy in an private road to reach the final railway systems. In doing the latter, the common sequence of issuings in a trespass fight is a mass military bombardment of shells followed by a charge or parade of soldiers towards enemy puffs. The bombardment was make to damage and at better(p) destroy fortifications and cause as umteen casualties as possible. The athleticsdament would then run finished the throttle valve und whizz visitscape and into the impingees where they would attack. This ideal plan of struggle was far from how the advances worked. This proto usual plan would contain been efficacious if it was non for the advantage that the defending army had. An advance was laborious, costly in lives and save achieved minimal distance. The use of the simple machine gun make slashing actions by storm or deck plentyers more or less impossible. If the defensive line stony-broke; the defending army could grow in reserves through protec ted oceanic abysses a great deal speedy t! han the assail army could advance. The reasons behind this lies in the efficiency and reliableness of western Europe?s rail way of feels and roads. The attacking attitude a reproducible had to find there way through the country wrecked by bombardment. The infringees on the Western Front consisted of obscure, winding pirogue channels. The oceanic abyss systems of the Germans, stretched from the English Channel in the North, to the Swiss indicate in the South. Once the two sides were dug in, the war changed from a croaked- round war of endeavour into an alien war of position. The handed-down units of horse cavalry, various war strategies and weaponry disappeared completely from the bout front and were replaced by a whole new way of mesh. The Ross Rifle, Sawn-Off Shotgun and the British SMLE replaced traditional foundation weapons equivalent revolvers and swords. These hand held weapons were developed to all all overcome the problems of jamming that happened in the swampy and dirty conditions of Trench Warfare. The need for c at nonpareil agealable and accurate weaponry was undeniable; so the Periscope Rifle was utilize so a excavation could be carefully shew outd from the cover of the trench. With trenches being a relatively temporary body structure, fortifications had to be made to defend the trenches, so barbed fit was used. German and French factories converted their machines so that they could make barbed wire. The pile of barbed wire that were on a regular home delivered to the trenches were entangled and heaped into thick advancedschool fences all along the frontline. Up to five barbed wire fences were set up and held to conk outher with anything from woodland stakes to common shrapnel. Wire fortifications proved to be unrivaled of the nearly important necessities for the opposing sides. The wire slowed down movement on the front and pr typeed quick attacks by infantry and cavalry. The wire brought or so the di sappearance of the Cavalry. Not only was wire a leadi! ng cause for this disappearance, concealing a few hundred horses in narrow trenches might have present a problem.. b)Life in the trenches varied greatly depending on which segmentation of the trench line you fought on. The battalions in front line warfare see the worst possible conditions as contend to those manning the hitman at the rear of the fighting. Both the allies and the Germans experienced the horrifying personal personal effects of disease and infection, and there were many contri simplyors to these. Sanitary conditions in two trenches were truly insufficient, especially when the duration of the time in these trenches is considered. 1?s and 2?s were done in shallow holes to a hold waterard perspicacity instead of in just about form of toilet, or if necessary done where the person was standing. When combined with the sometimes knee deep water that change the trenches, a putrid stench was conjured. This insufficiency of personal hygiene led to an array of dysent ery diseases, diarrhoea and a nonher(prenominal) potentially pitch-black diseases. The faeces and decomposing bodies were perfect conditions for rats to live. The rats ate over oft of the extremely special(a) fodder for thought rations provided to two armies and stole pabulum from ration stores. The rats carried potentially deadly diseases two internally, in their broth and organs as well as externally, in their fur and on teeth. Lice were as well common. They came in on rats tho were spread by bulk. The lice, once attached to a persons? cop caused ?trench fever?. The symptoms of ?trench fever? are; fulminant pain, nausea, chronic headaches and inflamed red spots all over the body. If a soldier was to be relieved of this he had to gruntle out of the trenches for 12 hebdomads, as no cure had been found. payable to the terrible conditions , the diseases and pests were common to both allied and German forces. However, British forces were worst affected as their tren ches were far less modern than the Germans. The weat! her conditions that were experienced in the Trenches were terrible. The temperature would plummet at shadow to -15 ۫ C and when combined with the unbelievable amounts of rain caused many people frost bite, gangrene causation amputation and sleep deprivation. The rain store all over the battle fields and trenches as a result of the military bombardments that had destroyed the natural drainage systems. When the rain was at its gamyest peaks it would fill the trench systems with knee deep stagnant disease filled water. As the water could not hop out the soldiers would be forced to stand in it for daytimes. This caused severe cases of trench thot and pneumonia. In the on a lower cornerstone freezing temperatures, the mud would freeze, making for even harsher circumstances than the general mud. Both Sides obviously experienced the same weather conditions, but it was the associate who experienced the effects of it worst. The scant(p) trench social structure and flood ability of the allies? trenches made trench arse and gangrene more infectious. Troops didn?t have much time away from the fighting. They were all put on a roster of 3 weeks in the front line and 2 weeks in the reserve trenches and up to 2 weeks off. This idealistic vicissitude was often changed due to the intensity of the fighting in sure areas. However when soldiers did have time off, they would play games of soccer, cards and arse around rats. Soccer was a in truth popular game amongst the troop and many tot ups have been recorded. Card games were played for childs play or to win valuables at the time, such as food rations and warm clothing etc. The infestation of corpse rats, and their effects on soldiers, led the soldiers to kill them with shovels, wooden boards, bayonets and bullets. All of these games and divergence antecedents were common to both Allied and German Soldiers. c)Everyone expected the war to be short and over by the Christmas of 1914, this however was not the case. Four years of very little ground gain ! changed the attitudes of both allied and German soldiers in a miscellany of ways. The British and the French made up the majority of the ally before the entry of America. An abundance of French failures, stupidity and nonsensical judgement led to the British to resent their own allies. Adding to this, the British and German sides thought they had a shared heritage. Towards the end of the war, both sides? combatants considered why they were involved in this destructive war. As the British and Germans realised the massive death toll the stalemate produced, an empathy and profound mateship developed. This was low gear seen during the Christmas of 1914. The Christmas desert-fire, as it is commonly known amongst historians, was an drumhead armistice among all positionies, however it was interpreted differently surrounded by the British and French. The British engaged in an unofficial Christmas truce during 1914. Captain Charles Stockwell of the Fifth Welsh Fusiliers peered o ver a trench parapet and see the German parapet facing him, was seamed with flickering lights and the chorus of ?Stille Nacht? (Silent Night). After a few wakeless proceeding of taking in and mind what was happening, Stockwell?s fusiliers responded with ?joyousness to the public?. The Germans shouted ?Merry Christmas? followed and added, ?Don?t put one over we?ll send off beer!?. A second look from Stockwell saw the German troops emerging from their trenches. Both armies met in the diaphragm of ?no mans land? and exchanged gifts of candy and cigarettes and in some cases, addresses. This historic event shows how the wartime beliefs of both sides were beginning to change; from an huge hatred brought about by propaganda on the home front to a pretty empathetic war. The ? come through and Let Live? theory was a theory established in the later days of the war when the soldiers were seeing their fellow soldiers or neat mates die. It was an oral rule on both sides that you did not fire at the enemy during the dinner hour, nor wh! en they might be having tea. Instead you would fire in the air or over their head, unless an officer was looking. You would also let men with white flags gather their wounded. Section 2 come 1 call Of line: Times Atlas Of dry land munimentPublished: 1978, William Collins, Sydney and AucklandPublisher: Times Books Ltd, 18 look Street, London W.1. citation 2 name Of unreal lake: A score Of The mod arenaPublished: Third Edition 1965, Alfred .A. Knopf, sassy YorkPublisher: R.R. Palmer (Princeton University) and Joel Colton (Duke University) informant 3 prenomen Of man-made lake: An Incomplete fib Of World War 1Published: 2007, Murdoch Books AustraliaPublisher: Edwin Kiester JR blood 4Title Of origination: cyclopedia Britannica Volume 18Published: 1768, encyclopaedia Britannica, incPublisher: William Benton descent 5URL Of beginning: hypertext transfer protocol://www.geocities.com/capital of Greece/Rhodes/6916/ww1.htm#sixDate Accessed: Sunday, 16 November 2008, 4:31:41 PM origin 6URL Of spring: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrench.htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 celestial latitude 2008, 8:29:58 PMSource 7URL Of Source: http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/trenchlife.htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 December 2008, 8:33:05 PMSource 8Source roughage: PhotoSource Title: Cheshire Regiment trench Somme 1916Date of Photography: July 1916 by Lt. J. W. Brooke. Source 9Source character reference: LetterWritten By: French Captain Noel ChavasseSource 10Source Type: VisualSource Title: WW1 in ColourLocation Of Source: muniment ChannelSection 3Source 1Title: Cheshire Regiment trench Somme 1916Source 1 AnalysisThis blood line is a motion- word-painting show taken in 1916 of a trench at the appointment of the Somme. The trench was held by the Cheshire Regiment. This ejaculate has both a high reliableness and multipurposeness. The reliableness of this source is exceptional because it was taken at the time of the event, 1916, and was not a staged ph oto. This source was very useful to me and has helpe! d me understand the life and conditions that were experienced when living in the trenches. Although no two trenches are identical, this source is a very good snapshot of what the typical trench would have looked like and what would have been in it. border boards, fortifications, cramped living conditions, poor construction, weapons and sleeping soldiers seen in this picture of the Cheshire Regiments trench were all very useful. Source 2 AnalysisThis source is an extract out of A History Of The modern World. Its reliability is high, along with its usefulness. Its reliability is high due to the fact that it is one of three editions, originally publish in 1965. This source has been useful to me in my study of trench warfare, as it gives a cast off of different aspects of war and to a very precise detail. much(prenominal) aspects include; the superiority of the machine gun, the limited transport available, the untraversable barbed wire fortifications, no-mans land, the uses of the artillery bombardments and the great advantages that the defensive side always had over the attacking. Source 3?Christmas Day was very quiet, hostilities seemed to stop by correlative consent, nobody seemed to have the feeling to try to kill or main each separate on that day, but as far as I know, there was no fraternizing, that had to be put down. I recover it is a great shelter to the very firm though hidden hold Christianity has on every heart, that war has to cease on Christmas Day.?Source 3 AnalysisThis quote has been taken from a diary entry by Captain Noel Chavasse. This source has an extremely high reliability. The reliability is high because the letter was written on the 26/12/1915, the day after the Christmas Truce amid France and Germany. This information is key to the dish as it means the root had the events and his thought on the event clear in his mind. I found this source very interesting and useful in my analysis, as it gives a first hand insight into the j ocularity that the captain felt in response to the tr! uce. As most of the fraternizing between the two struggle parties was done between the infantry, my concord of the Christmas truce of 1915 was dramatically broadened. Source 4 AnalysisThis source, World War 1 In Colour, is part of a series of World War 1 documentaries that were shown in The History Channel during the week of Armistice Day. This source has a very high reliability as it was shown on The History channel, an internationally known and awarded television channel. Secondly, all the video footage was prime and the interviews undertaken were from the veterans that experienced the war. The veterans could however repress the reliability as they?re talking of the event 90 years after it happened. During this time period they would have bury parts and over-exaggerate others. This source has influenced my understanding of the life in the trenches and has proved to be my most useful source when studying trench warfare. This has been due to its stunning, re-enhanced colour, f irst hand footage and its ability to interact with me. BibliographySource 1Title Of Source: Times Atlas Of World HistoryPublished: 1978, William Collins, Sydney and AucklandPublisher: Times Books Ltd, 18 ogle Street, London W.1. Source 2Title Of Source: A History Of The Modern WorldPublished: Third Edition 1965, Alfred .A. Knopf, New YorkPublisher: R.R. Palmer (Princeton University) and Joel Colton (Duke University)Source 3Title Of Source: An Incomplete History Of World War 1Published: 2007, Murdoch Books AustraliaPublisher: Edwin Kiester JRSource 4Title Of Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Volume 18Published: 1768, Encyclopaedia Britannica, incPublisher: William BentonSource 5URL Of Source: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Rhodes/6916/ww1.htm#sixDate Accessed: Sunday, 16 November 2008, 4:31:41 PMSource 6URL Of Source: http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrench.htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 December 2008, 8:29:58 PMSource 7URL Of Source: http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/trenc hlife.htmDate Accessed: Thursday, 4 December 2008, 8:! 33:05 PMSource 8Source Type: PhotoSource Title: Cheshire Regiment trench Somme 1916Date of Photography: July 1916 by Lt. J. W. Brooke. Source 9Source Type: LetterWritten By: French Captain Noel ChavasseSource 10Source Type: VisualSource Title: WW1 in ColourLocation Of Source: History Channel If you want to function a full essay, order it on our website: OrderCustomPaper.com
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