Education Finance Essay

1. 1Background to the Study The importance of grooming peculiarly in the 21st century to the lend outgrowth of an individual is more and more being over emphasized. This is due to the occurrence that an uneducated individual has lilliputian or nonhing to offer the nightspot in boundarys of acquired wisdom. It is indeed not surprising that most p atomic number 18nts argon now evolution sagacious interest about the genteelness of their minorren, a situation that leads them to want to jockey more as well as partake in what goes on within the educate system.In all countries of the world, go to sleepledge is recognized as the cornerstone of any structure for sustainable development of any nation. It is a fulcrum around which the quick development of stinting, political, sociological and human country revolves. In Nigeria, the demand for popular cultivation is so high be suffice t apieceing is not moreover an investment in human crown, but also pre-requisite as well as cor link for economic development (Adeyemo 2000). The belief that fosterage is an engine of growth rests on the quantity and quality of bringing upal activity in any country.In fact, the National Policy on cultivation (19816) states that gentility is the greatest investment that the nation sight solve for the quick development of its economic, political, sociological and human preferences. It further adds that grooming shall act to be super rated in the issue development plans because reading is the most important puppet of change and that any fundamental change in the intellectual and mixer outlook of any society has to be preceded by groomingal revolution.precept, from the pragmatics emplacement could be seen as the organization of experience into a holistic complaisant intelligence for dealing with future experiences. The idealists see genteelness as the stopping point of the desirable state of mind. Sociologically, it is seen as the dissemination of cultur e to the young generation. In former(a)wise words, facts of life is the manufacture by which the individual acquires the umpteen physiologic and societal capabilities demanded of him by the gathering into which he is born and within which he must function,(Ohikhokhai, 2002 154).A Similar definition by Fafanwa states It is the amass of all the processes by which a child or adult develops the abilities, attitudes and other molds of behaviour which ar of positive encourage to the society in which he lives, that is to say it is a process of disseminating knowledge either to ensure sociable control or to guarantee rational placeion of the society or both. (Fafanwa, 1972 8) T present is no gain utter the fact that Nigerias genteelnessal system at every level (Primary, Secondary and tertiary) has been experiencing a down turn in the last few eld.One of such(prenominal) reasons could be attributed to the under support of the statemental activityal sector. The triumph of a child in education dep arrests more often than not on what the child is taught in simple coach. In other words, pristine direct education is a foundation upon which all other levels of education ar built. Many researches pee revealed that good teaching particularly at the ancient level, lay a solid foundation for high studies and atomic number 50 make a lot of difference in scholarly persons learning and force to cope with other life challenges (Adepoju 2001).In parliamentary law words, since the rest of the education system is built upon autochthonic education, the chief(a) level is the key to the success or failure of the whole system. Apart from home as the first of all agent of socialization, basal develop is the first place that introduces prescribed education or literacy to the children. The National Policy on education 2004 checks Primary teaching method as the education given in psychiatric hospitals for children aged 6 to 11 plus for a duration of six years.This definition is also back up by the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) which states that, Primary Education (ISCED level 1) also known as elementary education, refer to the education programmes that are normally designed on a social unit or project introduction to give disciples a unspoilt basic education in reading, opus and mathematics, along with an elementary understanding of other antecedents such as history, geography, natural science, social science, art and music The goals of unproblematic education as stated in the National Policy on Education NPE, Section 3(16) is to i.Inculcate permanent literacy and numeracy, and the ability to communicate resultantively ii. mark a sound basis for scientific and reflective thinking iii. keep back citizenship education as a basis for effective participation in and contribution to the life of the society iv. Mound the character and develop sound attitude and morals in the child v. Develop i n the child the ability to adapt to his/her changing environment vi.Give the child opportunities for evolution manipulative skills that will enable him to function effectively in the society within the limits of his/her capacity vii. Provide the child with basic tools for further educational advancement including preparation for trades and crafts of the locality Inspite of establishments commitment to the render of basic education for all, dwindling pecuniary resources coupled with sectoral competition for resources whitethorn hinder its progress.According to Hallak (1990), successive waves of economic and educational crises affected the efforts of government and social demand for education so that education both the prevalent tensions in the development of education and the imbalances that had emerged in the previous two decades were aggravated. Neverthe little, inspite of the co acquittanceal financial commitment and the high priority given to education, experts and scholar s muted doubts the adequateness of the fund in dateing with the growing students register.In view of the foregoing, the government alone may not be able to meet the social demand for quality basic education. Therefore, clandestine sector participation in the ownership and control of domesticates is inevitable in that locationby complementing the efforts of government. The decade from 1990 witnessed an upsurge in the number of cloistered institutions of learning in Africa in general and Nigeria in particular. Before this decade, most Afri bay window Countries committed much of their wasting diseases on exoteric education, which served as an instrument for building the nation, following(a) independence.Today, there is pressure on Afri after part governments to shift from subsidization to privatization of their educational systems. Friedmans (1955) theories on the privatization of education were and continue to be supported by researches who contended that normal educationa l institutions overleap incentives to improve educational systems. Among others, Chubb and Moe (1990) and Coleman (1997) argued that allowing civilise choice, in the first place through the promotion of confidential schoolings, would improve educational markets. Many important educational purposes are related to termss of schooling.Information on approachs is necessary to monitor resource allocation over time, to diagnose the function status of the education system, and to guess the efficiency in resource utilization (Tsang 2002). Specifically, represent of education refers to the resources utilise in the production of education work. They hold not unaccompanied globe white plague on education, but also head-to-head resources invested in education (Tsang & Kidchanapanish, 1992) greets in this think over are utilize to signify hugger-mugger make up of education incurred by the individual disciples and their families, and institutional personify of education inc urred by the institution of learning.Tsang (1995), refers to clandestine terms of education as those resources offerd by place, individuals, and the community to support the production of educational services, which could be in form of Direct insular be Tuition Fees which is only included in this assume, semi individual(a) Contribution donations in the form of interchange/gifts and in compute personifys economic nourish of forgone opportunities of school Babalola 1995 defines institutional greets of education as represents borne by the institution of learning. They consist of repeated and nifty speak to.The perennial exist are mainly what we are bear on with in this canvass. An ideal make uping system congener to the enter-output will enhance quality ending and planning programme for schools. The precise knowledge of costing pattern will aid decision makers in the schools on the best alternative that may be considered in the guardianship of the schools syst em. An ideal costing system will also enable parents, families etc to particularise the cost effectiveness of enroling their children into private elementary schools. 1. 2Statement of the Problem.The problem of rising cost information fees in educating pupils in private primary schools in Akinyele Local politics which has become an issue of concern to parents, families, wards and stakeholders alike. There is the exact for private primary school administrators to pay serious attention to the causes and consequences of these rising cost which could around clock be as a result of high perennial be, with a view to controlling them while keeping pace with quality and productiveness in the private primary school system. In view of the to a higher(prenominal) place therefore, this landing field endeavours to provide answers to the following research questions 1.3Research Questions 1. What is the total enrolment of each of the quintette 5 selected private primary schools in Akiny ele Local Government realm from 2006-2010? 2. How much is the amount incurred by the schools in the five (5) years closure on recurrent cost? 3. How much is the amount borne by families, parents or wards with five (5) years consequence on station private cost per pupil tuition fees? 4. What is the correlation in the midst of direct private cost per pupil tuition fees and recurrent cost per pupil? 5. What are the sources of revenue enhancement enhancement available to the schools in sourcing for coin for the smooth foot race of the school? 1.4Purpose of the Study The main cultivate of this understand is to attempt to provide an digest of the total direct private cost tuition fees, total recurrent cost and sources of finance of private primary school system in Nigeria over the period of 5 years (2006-2010 academic years) with private primary schools in Akinyele Local Government as the case study. The study also attempt to highlight on the following a. To determine the tot al enrolment of the five (5) selected private primary schools in Akinyele Local Government Area from 2006-2010 b. To determine the recurrent cost per pupil incurred by the school for five (5) years. c.To determine the direct private cost tuition fees per pupil borne by pupils, parents families etc for five (5) years d. To determine the Correlation between direct private cost per pupil and recurrent cost per pupil incurred will be determined for the five years (2006-2010) e. To determine sources of revenue available to the schools from 2006-2010 1. 5Significance of the Study This study will be significant in the following ways Firstly, it would serve as a source of statistical data information to primary school administrators and stakeholders alike for effective and effectual planning and cost control in private primary schools.Secondly, the study will provide the basic x-ray of cost pattern in Nigerian private primary schools from which future judgement with respect to plans, polic ies and programmes can be made. To this end, primary school administrators will be able to slip forth against any future deviation from expected goals Thirdly, the study could also provide private primary school administrators knowledge on the best decision to make with regards to the issues of pupils enrolment, staff employment, maintenance and so on. Also, the study will bring on the amount of cash expended by the five (5) schools within the five (5) years period in recurrent cost.Furthermore, the study will disclose the direct private cost borne by pupils, families etc in the schools within the five years period. Lastly, the study will find the relationship between private direct cost per pupil and recurrent cost per pupil in the five (5) selected schools 1. 6Scope and Limitation of the Study This study focuses on the historical synopsis of recurrent costs, private direct costs tuition fees and revenue sources using private primary schools in Akinyele Local Government as a c ase study.The study is, however limited to 5 out of the 24 registered private primary schools in Akinyele Local Government Area of Oyo state as at 2006-2010. Owning to the fact that the recurrent education use increasingly accounts for greater function of the total capital and recurrent uses in Africa, this study concerns only the recurrent expenditure incurred by the schools, direct private costs borne by the pupils, families etc and sources of finance.This is in line with Coombs and Hallak (198755) and Mingat and Tan (198826) who rightly discovered that most analysis of unit costs focus on recurrent spend because capital costs typically are only small part (in Africa, less than 20 percent) of the cost of education. According to Mingat and Tan, unless the objective is to access the cost of building redundant school places (which is not the case in this study), the analysis of unit costs is usually directed at recurrent spending.Federal government primary schools and public pr imary schools are not included in this study because the study deals with only selected private primary schools 1. 7Operational Definition of Terms In put together to enhance better understanding of this research project, certain usable terms that were used are clearly defined to reflect the peculiar(prenominal) situation with which they are used. make up This refers to the actual or notional expenditure incurred on or attributes to, a specific thing or activity.It refers to what is given up in tack to educate an individual or group of individual. Although, total cost in education is a function of capital and recurrent cost, the cost referred to in this research work is specifically recurrent expenditure which constitutes about 80% of the total expenditure in the primary schools. Cost is used interchangeably with expenditure in this research institutional Cost This refers to what the institutions of learning (primary schools) have to give up in order to provide education or tra in the pupils.They are both capital and recurrent costs. However, institutional cost in this project excludes capital costs. surreptitious Cost These are borne by the individual pupils and their families. They relate to both direct and confirming costs of education which are borne through tuition fees, earning forgone, supererogatory living costs, books uniform and transport. However, private cost in this project includes only tuition fees direct private cost Recurrent Cost These are those costs for goods and services consumed in the line of descent of a budget year, and which must be on a regular basis replaced.Here, it include such write downs incurred on items such as staff salaries and allowances, maintenance, payments of electrical energy bills, procures of materials needs etc Recurrent cost is also known as the running cost of education Unit Cost This is the average cost incurred in providing academic service to the pupils. It is calculated by dividing the total expendit ure per session by the number of students enrolled. In its operational term, the unit cost here refers to the actual amount or expenditure incurred per pupil during the course of the teaching-learning process in the primary schools.Its determination here does not however include expenditure on Capital items. Finance Finance according to the place setting of this study is the act of raising or sourcing for funds for the running of the school. school day A school according to the context of this study refers to primary schools where formal teaching process takes place. CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE In this chapter the literature review is made under the following headings 1. Concept of Cost 2. Cost of Education 3. Private Cost of Education 4. Direct Private Cost of Education Tuition Fees 5.Institutional Cost of Education 6. Recurrent Cost 7. Unit Cost of Education 8. Cost Determinants 9. Cost Control Strategies 10. Sources of revenue for Education 1. CONCEPT OF COST The definition of cost is very open, as it means a lot to different people. People tend to define or use it to say their purpose. To some cost is the price salaried for a commodity or for the consumption of goods and services. In economic term, the thought of cost if perceived as something which is given up in order to have another. In more a precise way, we can fiscal say that cost is alternative forgone.It may be the monetary expense on education. In its broad usage cost implies the resources money, materials and men used up for the operation of a business enterprise Lipsey, 1976 Aghenta, 1993 Babalola 1991 also gave credence to this presumption that cost is a measure of what is given up in order to elevate or consume a commodity. Adedeji 2002, see cost as a measure of what is given up in order to produce or consume a commodity, Agunbiade 1997 citing Pandit 1979 stated that expenditure is the total financial resources allocated to a specific economic activity for a given period usually a year.Unit cost analysis helps the understanding of the upcountry efficiency of the use of resources at the institutional level. Cost effectiveness analysis relates cost of inputs used up in the teaching-learning process with the output. This helps decision makers to make rational choices between various alternative courses of action. Unit cost helps planners to know the cost of keeping a student at school, operating a school etc. The unit cost required by a student in a year is referred to as input and educational planners have of recent named it the student year.Unit cost has been the basis for funding education in Nigeria, for example, when the Federal Government launched its Free Education Programme in 1977, it used unit cost in allocating funds to the scheme, that is forty naira per pupil (Daily Times of Nigeria, 4th January 1980, Editorial Comment). Longe (1988) maintained cost information is of import in decision making as it facilitates efforts to make the best b ut the least costly choice among alternatives.In the typesetters case of embarking on any programme without considering the cost such programme end up being a white elephant project which will only lead to wastage of heard earned resources. 2. COST OF EDUCATION Many scholars have tried to define cost of education over the ages. Akanbgou 1981 defines cost of education as being all the real resources used up in the production of human assets. He agreed with Pandit and Bourgeis who define cost as the real resources used up in the form of educated manpower.Obasi 1983 ascertained cost of education as the sum total of all the resources used up in the production of human capital asset in the form of educated manpower. Longe 1988 defines cost of education as the value of all the resources in terms of money and sacrifice used to action educational project. That is, to produce and educated person. This definition could imply not concerned with monetary outlay and expenses on education but a lso the income forgone on opportunity cost which represents the real charges resulting from the operation of the educational system.Babalola 1995 posited that education cost is a measure of what a student, an institution of learning or the public has to give up in order to educate an individual. period Adedeji 1994 quoted by Oladejo 2002 opines that educational cost represent the value of all the resources in term of money and sacrifice used to accomplish a given educational or project. This definition implies that the expenditure in an educational institution is the monetary expenses incurred by the institution to produce an educated person.In the view of Babalola 2000, he sees cost of education as the total resources devoted to education, this includes direct money outlays tuition fees, expenditures on additional living items, books, uniform and transport. They also include indirect financial burdens in form of opportunity cost measured as the loss of income incurred either by th e individual or by the society as a result of schooling. He stressed further by saying cost of education include non monetary cost which include such things as the burden of study and for some students, pain of being away from home.The loss of opportunity to earn wages or salaries in the ride market is the real cost of the individual student of his or her decision to enroll in a full-time or part-time course of education. The cost of education to a country consists of total public education expenditure, total direct private cost, total indirect private cost measured in terms of forgone fee, improperly betokend educational cost on government education expenditures. Expenditure on education overtime has been observed to be on the increase across different levels of education in most countries of the world and in Nigeria in particular.It should be noted however, that the cost of emphasizes is the recurrent cost which constitute a greater office dower of total expenditure in educa tion and direct private cost tuition fees According to Ojo 1986 quoted by Oladejo 2001, education has enjoyed a higher share of national budget over the years due to the increasing level of magnification brought about by a continue increase in education demand. Agunbiade 1997, observed that there was a staggering figure for educational expenditure during the third national development plan.This expenditure has continued to be on the increase over the years in most different institutions which of cause differ from one institution to the other. However, as an institutions enrolment increases, the tendency is that both the expenditure and revenue should increase equally. But, according to Agunbiade 1997, revenue do not correspond with the increase in enrolment. Psacharopulars and Woodhall 1997 posited that attitude towards educational expenditure began to change as predicted by Jallade 1973 partly due to the Brobdingnagian increases that has occurred during the period.According to th em there is increasing evidence of financial constraints in many developing countries as proportion of expenditure has began to decline. However, Zymelman 1982 cited Psacharopoulos and Woodhall 1997 explained that expenditure on education at all level in African nations including Nigeria has remained fairly constraint. Afolabi 2001 in his article asserted that the cost of education in recent times in Nigeria has become astronomical which according to him is attributed to increase in teachers salaries and allowances to meet with the hyper-inflation condition in the country.This statement is posited by Shehan 197316 where he explained that real expenditure per pupil has risen in many countries of the world. Real expenditure in this context means money expenditure deflated by stamp down price indices for the various inputs teachers, books, equipment etc which are used in the educational system. The higher level of education demand more expensive buildings and equipment and more wildn ess on high-cost research activities. Enrolment increases has been greatest at these high cost levels.The increase in enrolment at the high-cost end of the system continue to increase demand for more resources that is, financial resources which represents the expenditure to be incurred in the production process Institutions overtimes, have witnessed continue increase in the expenditure pattern. This continues expenditure increase as argued by Shehan 1983 have a weakening effect on institutions considering the overall level of finance available to them, hence the need for a comprehensive system of cost control private primary school system. 3. nonpublic COST OF EDUCATION.Concepts of cost from the viewpoint of economic analysis the proper definition of cost (real cost or economic cost) of an input to education is its opportunity cost, which is measured by the value of the input in its best alternative use. Applying this concept to the cost of an education system, the real cost of edu cation includes not only public expenditure on education but also private costs (Bowman, 1966). Private resources to education can be classified into three categories direct private costs of education, household contributions to school, and indirect private costs of education (Tsang and Kidchanapanish, 1992).Direct private costs of education are expenditures by parents on their childrens schooling, such as expenditures on school fees (tuition and other school fees), textbooks and supplementary study guides, writing supplies, uniform, school bag and transportation. Expenditures on school fees are part of the revenue for a school to be used to finance institutional costs they may be used to pay teachers in a private school or used to support non-personnel costs in a government school.Non-fee expenditures are additional financial resources to schooling not captured in institutional costs. For primary school pupils in some countries there are also embarkment costs. Household contributio ns to school are contributions, in cash or kind from families to school and/or school personnel (e. g. teachers). Contributions to school can be used in a variety of ways, for example, to purchase reading materials for a library, to purchase sports equipment, or to construct a school building. They are captured in the institutional costs of a school.In some countries, household contributions to teachers are the main source of income for rural primary teachers (Paulsen, 1981 military personnel Bank, 1991). Household contributions can be important in the financing of education in that they augment public resources to education and they can be managed by school personnel. Indirect private costs of education refer to the economic value of the opportunities foregone as a result of schooling. The opportunities foregone can be a childs labor in family production, in looking after younger siblings, and/or in performing other household chores.Such costs are usually difficult to estimate and assumptions have to be made about the economic value of a childs labour, nevertheless, they are still important to consider in that parents sometimes withhold their child from school because of the need for the childs labor, especially for parents in the rural areas (Psacharopoulos and Woodhall, 1985). In a recent study of India, Tilak (1985, p. 22) estimated that the indirect private cost in terms of foregone earnings accounted for about 40% of the real cost to education, based on 1977-78 data.For purposes of astir(p) education quality, there are at least four reasons for considering private resources to education. First, direct private costs and household contributions are direct private resources that augment public resources to education. Some of these direct private resources (such as school fees and household contributions) can be used by the school as intentions to raise quality. Second, how parents allocate their resources to schooling is also relevant. Parents may be adv ance to spend more on items (such as textbooks and other learning materials) today related to student learning.Third, differences in private resources to education among social groups may exacerbate educational inequalities among social groups. A good understanding of the variations in private resources to education will inform educational policies designed to palliate educational inequalities. And fourth, the omission of private resources can significantly underestimate the true costs of education and may lead to erroneous estimates of the costs of quality-improvement interventions.To date, there are very few studies of private resources to education in developing countries, and information on private resources to education in these countries is either abstracted or fragmentary (Tsang, 1988). However, the available evidence indicates that private resources to education are very substantial (Tilak, 1985 Tan, 1985 Paulsen, 1981) they also vary significantly among countries and type of school (Wolff, 1985 Schiefelbein, 1986). These preliminary findings indicate the potential of private resources to education as a policy option for educational decision makers for influencing educational quality.4. DIRECT PRIVATE COST OF EDUCATION TUITION FEES According to Tsang (1995), Direct private costs are defined as household educational expenditure related to a childs schooling, including tuition expenditure and non-tuition expenditure (such as spending on other school fees, textbooks and supplementary study guides, uniforms, writing supplies, school bag, transportation, and boarding). Thus, direct private costs are divided into two components, non-tuition costs and tuition costs.Non-tuition costs are put into two groups instruction-related costs (such as parental expenditures on textbooks, workbooks, and writing supplies) and non-instruction costs (such as parental expenditures on uniform, school bag, transportation, shoes and sportswear, and school fees on sport activit ies and other school events). However, private direct cost in this project includes only tuition fees. Wolff provided measures of the direct private costs for students in secondary schools in 9 eastern African countries (1985, pp.51-55). The ratio of total direct private cost to total cost per student varies according to the type of secondary schools and country. It ranged from 0% for day schools in Somalia for 1981-82 to 81% for assisted Harambee schools in Kenya for 1981-82. The ratio for boarding schools was consistently higher than that for day schools. On the average, direct private costs accounted for one third of the total cost per pupil. High direct private costs were also reported in Tans study of secondary schools in Tanzania (1985b).She found that even though state school students paid no fees, their school-related expenditure added up to US$139 per student in 1981. The direct private costs for students in private schools were even higher (US $439). Bray (1996) surveys e ducational cost studies in nine East Asiatic countries. He finds that direct private costs as a percentage of total costs in public primary schools range from less than 10% in Lao PDR to over 70% in Cambodia. close to hover around 20%. Carnoy and Tores (1994) finds that parents assume about 30% of the total cost of public primary education in Costa Rica.Carnoy and McEwan (1997) melt down out a similar study in Honduras. Restricting their attention to uniforms, school supplies, and matriculation fees, they find that direct costs account for 43. 5% of total costs under more conservative assumptions, the figure is still 27. 4%. 5. INSTITUTIONAL COST OF EDUCATION This consists of capital cost and recurrent cost. Capital costs are associated with durable educational inputs particularly land, building, article of furniture and equipment which are made use of in a single fiscal year.Usually people talk of capital post versus capital flow. The stock of capital is inventory of buildings equipments and other capital items out sting at a given point in time. It is like reservoirs that can be drained down by depreciation or renovate and dramatize by new inflows. The volume of an educational system capital stock can be measured by depreciating the original cost of each in the inventory at the appropriate rate (adjusted for study repair, additional and replacement made in the items).Educational expenditures are those that direct directly to teaching, learning and research, for example, teachers salaries and allowances, salaries and allowances of administrator, that is, non-teaching staff, expenses on books and stationeries, transport cost other expendable materials like water, electricity, post and telegram etc. and additional buildings. Thus, expenditures on consumable goods such as materials and personnel salaries, rent, interests, grants etc used up within an account year are classified as recurrent expenditure (cost).While capital (cost) expenditures include th e purchase of durable assets such as buildings or equipment, that are expected to yield benefits over a longer period. To Psacharopoulos and Woodhall (1997), the crucial distinction between recurrent and capital cost lies in the source of finance. To them, recurrent expenditures are financed from current income or revenue, while capital expenditures are financed by loans from international agencies as well as other sources of income. Owning to the fact that the recurrent education expe.

Bank Bailout 2008

Bank Bailout Outline I. Introduction II. stage setting III. inverses point 1, refute, 1st support for thesis. a. doctrine cod Act of 2009 b. No Change at on the whole, Banks lighten operating the identical way IV. Oppositions point 2, refute, 2nd support for thesis. a. universe of tarpaulin b. $12. 2 trillion dollars of revenue enhancement dollars were spent wrong c. TARP allowed many an(prenominal) curses to allow source once again d. A volume of banks stick paid back TARP bills e. After TARP, Economy boosted V. Oppositions point 3, refute, 3rd support for thesis a. Toxic assets pot non be removed easily b. Government counts to a greater extent than address, so expects c.Economy impart decomposition with removal of assets VI. 4th support for thesis a. Increased national debt b. Politicians were oblige to sign this bill c. No solving of problems Lets go for we are all wealthy and retired by this house of tease falters (Bloomberg, 2007). The faith crisis is k promptlyn as the House of wittinesss, for years the banking industry has transform many American lives, which has resulted in a trouble nigh economy. many an(prenominal) factors lead to the character reference crisis, such as the rise and fall of the housing commercialise, and wide opinion ratings helped to realize the sub-prime mortgage crisis (Issues & Controversies, 2010).Low interest outranks developed elementary commendation, in which stack could get a mortgage and reference work cards based on inaccu lay out credit ratings with the creation of sub-prime mortgages. People demand the tycoon to own a shell base, with no shine acquitment or fixed income. In August of 2007, the United States began a manusout of authorization in securitized mortgages, which resulted in the federal Reserve injecting $20 trillion dollars into the pecuniary markets to ease the situation (Obama Sends Warning to Big Banks, 2010).The most important wonder to be answered in the decade is How a loss of $500 cardinal dollars from the sub-prime mortgage resulted in a $20 trillion dollar loss in equity set and an entire shock to the worlds pecuniary governance (Woellert & Kopecki, 2007). The United States organisation should not take a crap abandoned the monetary institutions bailout money, because fiscal institutions using loop holes in the system to take advantage of their clients, financial institutions operations do stayed the alike, and the governments imprint of a tree market economy goes against the bailout.The credit crisis is a widely distributed financial fiasco, which resulting from sub-prime mortgages, Collateralized Debit Obligations, Frozen credit markets, and credit default swaps (Jarvis, 2009). The credit crisis brings two concourse together, people on Main way and investors. The people on Main Street champion their mortgages or houses, while investors represent their money, which similarly represents big institutions such as pension funds, insurance companies, unwashed funds sovereign funds (Jarvis, 2009). These groups brought through the financial system, composed of banks and brokers on Wall Street.As a result of the September 11th attack, Chairman Allen Greenspan take down interest rates still to 1%, to allow credit to string up however, investors hold in a very low return on investment (S in a flash, 2008). By lowering interest rates, it allows for banks to only borrow money from the Federal Government for 1% plus the surpluses from the Asian and Middle East market, which makes adoption money easy for banks and to allow leverage (Adding up the Governments Total Bailout Tab, 2009). The definition of leverage is, borrowing money to amplify the result of a deal and is a study way banks make their money (Princeton University, 2010).Wall Street takes out a mass of loanwords and uses leverage to their advantage, and a non-buoyant flow of capital comes in. In which return, they pay back their original investment. The investors observance that Wall Street is making money very fast, and they want to create a tonic product to sell to Wall Street. The mortgage connects the home misdirecter with a mortgage lender on Wall Street who books them a mortgage, which is great because housing prices throughout America form been rebellion (Bailed out banks, 2010).The mortgage lender gets a call from an investment banker who wants to buy the mortgage and the lender sells it to him, and the investment brokers buys thousands of mortgages. Every month the investment banker gets the payments from all the mortgages that he purchased from the box and cuts the box into three slices Safe, Ok and Risky, and wherefore he packs the slices into the box and calls it a Collateralized debt obligation or CDO (Woellert & Kopecki, 2007).However, greed has locomote to the investment banker and wants more mortgages however, the lender does not have any more mortgages to sell, because everyone who has qualified for a mortgage already has one and the birth of the sub-prime mortgage is born. With a standard loan, the homeowner had to prove his cost of a home, such as a job, good standing citizen, and assets. However, with a subprime mortgage, it was basically resembling free money. The person did not have to state their income, nor prove that you had a job.The investment banker and the lender are pickings a risk, because if a home owner defaults on their mortgage, the lender gets the house and sells the house for a remuneration because home value have been increasing (Issues & Controversies, 2010). While home values have been increasing, American incomes have been plummeting for years and because of sub-prime mortgages, the person did not have to prove income, a person with a $30 thousand dollar income could own a $300 thousand dollar home. Many people defaulted on their mortgages, and foreclosures have been on the rise. In the United States, foreclosures were up 81% in 200 8 and up 225% from 206, which equals out to 19 per 1,000 households (CBS News, 2008). Due to there was a huge profit in foreclosures, instead of housing prices increasing the houses values decreased in value very quickly and resulted in more foreclosures. A $300 thousand dollar mortgages was now only worth $75 thousand dollars. So all the mortgages that was in the investment banker CDO, now are worthless, and no one wants to take the CDO, and now the CDO is acting alike(p) a bomb (Roney, 2007).The investment banker is now panicking because he borrowed millions of dollars to buy the mortgage, and now he cannot get rid of it however he is not the only one. Thousands of investment bankers throughout the world have CDOs on their hand (Bailed out banks, 2010). In result the worlds financial system has become frozen, and everyone places going bankrupt. As a result of the failure, the United States government rolls out a new program called Troubled Asset allayer Program (TARP) to preve nt an some other bank failure.Under the bank bailout, creation of new legislation to protect the consumer has rapidly increased, and supporters of the bank bailout point to the Credit Card Act of 209. Not only were subprime mortgages affected, but due to the check in the credit market in the United States government needed a way to regulate the credit card industry, but also to rock spending. Under the Credit Card Act of 2009, they require the financial institutions to give the cardholders 45 days notice of any interest rate change and financial institutions are prohibited from using misleading ground such as prime or fixed rate (The vacuous House, 2009).With this legislation in place, it protects the consumer from many of the scams that the mortgage industry used as bait to get clients into buying houses they could not afford, using the subprime mortgages (Roney, 2007). But also it allows for Congress to embrace new regulations placed on the financial institutions. The Credit Card Act of 2009 that has become part of the famous bank bailout, however, it has been shown to protect the consumer, and Congress go forth regulate the new rules placed on financial institutions.For example, there is no cap on the interest rate the credit card companies can charge, and while credit card companies cannot increase you interest rate but only if you are late on a payment, However future purchases interest rates can be raised with no reason (White, 2010). The credit card companies have the ability to raise the interest rate on any purchases, while they must still notify you of the high interest rate, the blow uping of the interest rate can take place at any time.This is exactly the same measures the financial institutions have used to misinform their consumers and kick them when they are down and corrupt the middle class of America (White, 2010). How the subprime mortgage boomed, had to come from the terms that many of the average consumers cannot understand, and a major aftermath of the subprime/credit crisis, occurred when many people defaulted on their homes and credit cards (Roney, 2007).Then the mortgage and home bequeath not exist for the family any more, and the credit card companies go away balloon their interest rate enough so that the card holders will not be able to pay their credit card/mortgage. In which hence the financial institution hounds them and attacks them at their core roots and even calls other family members to alert them of the card holder financial problems because they cannot pay their bills. The banking and financial institution have not taken any actions to prevent other(prenominal) credit crisis from happening again.Supporters of the bank bailout, commonly referred to as TARP, argue that the bailout wiped all the abominable toxic assets (CDOs) which were collected as result of the credit crisis and prevented the assets from lossing the financial institutions. The major recipients were Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. Both were government owned enterprises which bought a majority of the sub-prime mortgages (Roney, 2007). Removing the good-for-nothing assets from the financial institutions will have a positive takings on the economy because it allows banks to start lending again and unfreeze the markets.Under TARP, some mortgages would require the government to rewrite some of the effected loans, effectively position more Americans into homes that they will be able to afford and by write the loans also increase the standard of living. John Douglas, general counsel at the FDIC, said, It doesnt make sense to give the authority to anybody else but the FDIC he goes on to say Thats what the FDIC does, it takes the bad assets out of the banks and manages them and sells them (Vekshin & Schmidt, 2009). However, the supporters of the bank bailout do not represent correct/valid points/facts.In a study by the IMF of the 124 banking crisis, they have concluded Existing empirical research has shown t hat providing assistance to banks and their borrowers can be counterproductive, resulting in increased losses to banks, which often abuse grace to take unproductive risks at government expense. The typical result of lenity is a deeper hole in the net worth of banks, crippling tax burdens to finance bank bailouts, and even more severe credit furnish contraction and stinting decline than would have occurred in the absence of forbearance. Valencia & Laeven, 2008) As a result of the IMF study, it has concluded that removing the bad toxic assets from the banks could actually hurt the financial institutions and a system as a whole could freeze the credit markets again with a result of an economic decline, instead of an economic incline. Also there is no definition of a troubled market or loan. If the government wants to rewrite troubled mortgages or loans, there are no set criteria to say whether a mortgage or loan should be taken by the government and given to the troubled family.Anot her point, as Steward said, The only way for this program to work is for enough of the bad mortgages/loans to be purchased to connivance lenders that the problem mortgages cannot hurt the system, or to put in simple terms, the government has to purchase enough mortgages/loans to inspire intra- institution (Stewart, 2008) Furthermore, the institutions will sell the assets that will remain depressed in value and no one is going to sell a asset that has a higher chance of making the institution money (Obama Sends Warning to Big Banks, 2010). In result, under TARP the government has a high probability of taking a majority of the loss.With the bank bailout, the economy will decline, and the government will take a great loss of the bank bailout. Supporters of the bank bailout will say that if the government did not step in and inject $20 trillion dollars into the market, an economic dissipate could have happened and set America into another Great Depression. A heavy incline of unemployme nt foreclosures were through the roof, a major decline in incomes (Solomon, Enrich, & Hilsenrath, 2009). America was becoming a very drear nation, and the bank bailout would help the economy and stimulate the financial institutions to help start lending and unfreeze the credit market.As one writer wrote, there was at no time better to inject the financial institutions at this time, if they collapse it may be the sign of the apocalypse (Bailed out banks, 2010)/ If there was no bank bailout, there is a major chance that this will be a sign of the apocalypse because the United States drives the world and if the major financial institutions such as Bank of America or Merrill Lynch fails and so the world economy could ultimately send the world in to another Great Depression.The major reason that the American government should not have passed the bank bailout was the cost to the government. Under the Bush administration, the national debit dual to a record high $10 trillion dollars (So lomon, Enrich, & Hilsenrath, 2009). There are more programs that the government has to pay for such as Social Security. Many economists call this the polluter pays which is defined as polluters must pay for the cost of cleaning it up (Princeton University, 2010).When the financial industry is bailed out of disasters, which a majority of the time throughout history, they have created those disasters. If the banking industry feels like they can be bailed out every time they make a major mistake, then the American people will pay because the bank bailout is directly affiliated to the taxpayers funds (Obama sends warning to Big Banks, 2010).A price tag of $700 meg dollar bailout has hidden costs which can go high as $3 trillion dollars, which can be the shortfall between the economies potentiality output and its actual output from the crisis (Issues & Controversies, 2010). Another factor in the bank bailout is the morality, because the banks do not pay the costs that are imposed on a world society, which the tax payers pay directly into the banks and then the banks pay back into the government. Also, the political had a major role in deciding to pass the bank bailout.A senator said, We had no choice. We had a gas pointed at our heads. Without the bailout, things would have been even worse (Woellert & Kopecki, 2007). While politicians did not have an actual gun to their head, figuratively speaking because they had a oversight on saving the banks and shareholders or have saved the banks but let the bankers and shareholders go because of the final strike hard that American tax payer will have to pay to the bailout the banks that created this muckle (Solomon, Enrich, & Hilsenrath, 2009).The bank bailout was a major mistake in the evolution of the financial world because it did not solve any problems people can still be charged higher interest rates on their credit cards/mortgages. With TARP, there is no true removal of the bad assets that caused the credit crisi s to form the bank bailouts it only hurts the government because it has to take on the debt. Truly, we have stroke the core of the American people with the credit crisis, but at the same time the financial world has been given more powers and in a free market enterprise, the credit crisis can happen again at any moment.

Leg Ulcers

Chapter One *A Brief Overview of a venous Leg Ulcer *and the Assessment Process The defend must(prenominal) hold in the skills and knowledge to identify a venous leg ulcerationation. Dowsett (2005) believes that it is important that nurses and other health c be professionals look for the underlying shit of an ulcer.Whereas, the Royal College of cargon for (1998) has different views, and argues that, professionals who are fully trained in leg ulcer management should only be able to identify an underlying cause as it is easily mistaken that diagnosis of an arterial leg ulcer is made rather than venous which could cause serious treatment complications for the violate as come up as the longanimous. There are major problems associated with a venous leg ulcer such as, pain, loss of mobility, financial implications and often more which will be discussed in chapter 3.Leg ulcers appear as shallow holes or craters in which the tissue underneath is exposed. They can commute in siz e, discolouration and depth (National Health Service Direct 2008) (NHS). The clinical factors of a venous leg ulcer are, lipodermatosclerosis (champagne bottle shaped leg) ,which is cellulites alter the dermis and subcutaneous tissue (Finlay & Chowdhery, 2007), hyperpigmentation, derived red blood cells extravagated from dilated, leaky capillaries which produces areas of embrown discolouration (Brown & Burns, 2007).Atrophic Blanche, where interspersed by visible engorged capillaries seen as small red dots just below the surface of the skin (Moffat et al, 2007). However onward looking at the diligents wound it is the nurses role to look at the longanimous holistically and find out past medical checkup and family history as well as personal factor that could contribute to the condition (Moffat et al, 2007). There are essential details that the enduring can tell the nurse almost their ulcer and the factors that may contribute to this.Such factors are their full medical history these details should include varicose veins, diabetes, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT), earlier leg surgery and any family history of leg ulceration (Dougherty and lister 2004). The importance of this is that if a leg ulcer is diagnosed incorrectly, such as a venous ulcer being mistakenly diagnosed as an arterial ace can have serious complications for the patient and causing further delays in the ameliorate of the wound. Also the nurse must undertake baseline observations this includes, the patients w octad, height, blood pressure (BP), type O saturations levels, temperature nd respiratory rate, and similarly the patients nutritional intake, urine samples and routine blood tests such as glucose and haemoglobin levels must be arrive ated, as diabetes is present in approximately 5% of patients with leg ulcer (SIGN 1998). Murray (2004) also agrees with Dougherty & Lister (2004) & Bolton et al (2004) stating that that hyperglycaemia can have an effect in the wound healing do, as this can be linked with infection and decreased oxygen levels in the haemoglobin will slow down the healing process and go onto starve tissue. These factors are important to know as it plays a big part in the wound healing process.In clinical practice thesebasic observations are a vital part of information gained to watch safer patient care and early recognition of deterioration. The key factor in order to gain a thorough assessment it is essential that the nurse must have is communication and listening skills not only for this part but also for a nurse patient affinity. Dealey, (1994) believes that fear is iodine of the most common experiences a human can feel and a patients illness release many fears, in which health care professionals are unable to identify when not allowing the patient to express their needs freely.If the patient has a full understanding of their condition they are more seeming to comply with treatment regimes and have a more productive relationship with health care professionals (Anderson 2006). The RCN (2008) states, that the nurse-patient relationship is founded on trust. The nurse patient relationship allows the conversation to flow easy in order to gain a holistic approach to the patients care. The Code (2008) also agrees that as nurses we must listen to people in our care and respond to their concerns and preferences.Much search has taken place regarding nurse patient relationships, McCabe (2002) carried out a use up which aimed to explore and produce statements relating to the patients experiences of how nurses communicate. A qualitative phenomenological approach was used. This focuses on several(prenominal)s interpretations of experiences and ways in which they express them (Parahoo 1997), followed by unstructured questionnaires which were videotape recorded and lasted for approximately thirty minutes. The results found that four themes emerged, these were, lack of communication, attendance, empathy and friendly nurses.Therefo re the conclusions were that in contrast to the literature, nurses are not goodness at communicating with patients, however nurses can communicate well if the labour undertaken was a patient centred approach. Although research has taken place the limitations were that only eight patients participated, therefore this could reduce the validity and reliability of the study. Also with such a small sample the study could be used as a pilot study which could be replicated in the UK as this study was undertook in Ireland.

Diet analysis Essay

At a young age, I had always had an aggressive appetite, never caring ab discover(predic play out) what I put into my body because I was young, and it was of no concern to me. all e genuinelyplace the last 5 years, I progress to been more aware of my take habits, unless still non making a conscious swither to change what my body intakes. Throughout, My Diet analysis research, I was able to site consume habits that I was unaware of specifically during the week solar mean solar days. I decided to demonstrate dickens of my busiest days during the week, Monday and Tuesday and one lacks day, being Sunday. My developings were somewhat surprising, showing me on paper just only how unhealthy my eating habits are. My nutrition abbreviation gave me just the motivation I removeed to fully make a change within my everyday victuals. Overall, it is very clear that I postulate to make some changes within my diet on a day-by-day basis in order become fit and healthy. My resul ts from my 3 day recall shocked me clarifiedly, because I didnt realize how little I ate, but how unhealthy mevery of my food choices were. I wasnt in range with my calorie intake for the 3 days. My calorie intake was over 1500, and my recommended calorie intake was a little over 1200. The foods I ate that consisted of the most calories were foods from fast food restaurants, mainly being McDonalds, and foods that were full of carbs. I generally eat a lot of fast food during the week because my schedule is so hectic and non cloture, I dont be possessed of time to indulge in anything else. My calorie intake was higher on Sunday and Tuesday than it was on Monday. My overall calorie intake on Monday was 100.1, Tuesday it was 2312.7 and on Sunday 1258.7. I was a little surprised to see that my calorie intake on Monday was lower than on Sunday, but after reviewing the foods I consumed, it made sense. Out of the 3 days, Monday was the day I consumed the most vegetables, color tea, and pee. I typically drink a lot of pissing and dark-green tea every day, so that wasnt a surprise, but fit in to my diet analysis my vegetable intake for Monday was excellent. My vegetable intake is commonly higher on Sundays because my mother usually cooks, and makes at least two green vegetables for that particular meal. As I continued to review my diet analysis I noticed I barely ate any fruits, which was very clear to see considering over the 3 days I had only eaten chunked pineapples, and the fruit that was in a smoothie. According to the USDA dietary guidelines my fruit intake should be at least 33% a day. Its obvious that I need to substitute snacks, such as cookies, and chips for an apple or a fruit cup every day to meet my fruitrequirement. I wasnt too surprised to find that my fruit intake was low because I dont prevail to eat fruit on a daily basis. I would contumaciously say I indulge more vegetables than I do fruits, and that believably wont change too some(prenom inal) when it comes to my diet.Even though Im aware that I have a slight addiction to salt and salty foods I was still disgusted at my sodium intake. My average sodium intake came out to be 12263.4 over the 3days. I am now more than ever motivated to stop adding salt to everything I eat because not only is it a ruffianly habit, but it can do much damage to my body in the long run . Along with having a high sodium intake, my Trans and pure elaborate intake was high. Trans fat is something I never want in my system, but consuming fast food doesnt necessarily attend to me met this goal. My average intake of saturated fat over the 3 days was 13.7 and my overall trans-fat intake was 1.5. Although my trans-fat intake wasnt exceeding, its not something I want to ingest/digest even in small amounts. I typically drink a lot of water, but according to my diet analysis, I need to be crapulence twice as much as I consume. I dont drink sodas or juice at all, so my beverage intake only consi sts of water and green tea so seeing that I still need to consume more water was shocking. My average intake over the 3 days was 1,607.19 and I need my recommended number is 2,700.00. This exit probably be one of the easier changes to make because I dont mind drinking water, and prefer to drink water over any other beverage. I believe if I become more active this forget tending me consume more water throughout the day. Drinking the recommended amount of water every day is important to me because water helps your body work to its superlative potential, and helps with skin, hair and nails. I usually find myself exhausted and extremely deteriorate throughout the day, and never really knowing why or exactly how to change that aspect of my life.When reviewing my Vitamin intake, it all began to make sense. My Vitamin levels are very low, specially my Vitamin D level, which goes hand in hand with my energy explaining why Im always tired. My Vitamin D intake was 1.13 which is extremel y low compared to my recommended amount, which was 15.00. In order to help increase my vitamin D level, I have to premier research which foods have a high level of vitamin D. I do recall when I was 18 my doctor explaining to me that my Vitamin D level was low, but seeing it makes it much more real. The weather has an effect on my Vitamin D level being low as well. The cheer is a groovy source of Vitamin D, but because itswinter my exposure to sun is limited. milk also has a great amount of Vitamin D, but unfortunately I am lactose and tolerant, which probably has a great effect on my Vitamin D level. It would be in my best interest to consume Vitamin D supplements to help increase my Vitamin D levels efficiently. I currently do not exercise as often as I should considering the foods that I eat on a daily basis. I do however have a job that consists of being active with children three time out of the week, which is a nice benefit. Once the spring is here it would be in my best int erest to go running every day for at least 30 minutes. This will help with my physical activity and sun exposure, helping with my Vitamin D levels. I would like to continue to monitor my eating habits using my diet analysis because I do believe it is spartan to determine my eating habits with only analyzing 3 days. But it is still very evident that I need to make some changes. The Diet Analysis project has taught me a lot about my own eating habits and has godlike me to modify them for a healthier lifestyle. Probably the biggest change I will make after having done this project is to increase my intake of vegetables, fruits and Vitamin D. Fruits and vegetables will provide more fiber in my diet (something I am lacking) as well as certain other vitamins and minerals that I am deficient in. I will also try to limit my fat intake, especially saturated fats, trans-fats, and fats from animal sources. I may even start packing my own lunches since most of the flaws in my diet are from o f snug and fast foods.

My Planet

A stich in judgment of conviction saves nine. Prevention is always better than repossess, if we know that something with the passage of time might become dangerous then it better to satisfy a precautionary step to combat the danger. So how many times you perceive your parents and grandparents say this to you- tamp precaution dear and dont f completely apart your problems a chance to arrive. So better work now and take precaution instead of fixing the damage later. This phase is applicable in many fields of life If you are student then you should con every day, but generally all the confusion arises when you study lone(prenominal) during exam.When you ignore your study in the early stages then you end up working hard during your examinations and risk your success. There is no need to pretend with your success if you do your studies appropriately on time. You should immediately go to a doctor and start your treatment, if there are certain visible symptoms of a indisposition, before getting diagnosed with that disease. There have been many screwingcer cases where the persevering did not take his health seriously and later on with except deterioration of his health, he comes to know that he is suffering from washbasincer and is at the second or third stage.Had he been to the doctor earlier and diagnosed with his disease then he could have been easily cured in the starting signal stage. Even in the case of other diseases early detection helps in taking better preventive beatniks. Thinking that the disease will cure itself or avoiding doctor visit may result in annex of the problem and expenses even endanger your life. We can take precaution methods by choosing healthy diet and making it a point to exercise regularly. systematic exercise and good nutritious food will make us less prone to diseases, and will also result in a healthy heart, mind and body.Preventive measures taken in work areas also lessen the intensity of suffering. For example if y ou focus on the market you can save yourself from financial catastrophe by perceiving the future losses. Preventive measure also helps in controlling population. Wise man always phthisis this formula for the success, they never wait for the deadline to come near to start their work, instead they finish their work before deadline, this gives them time to solve any spiritual world problem that might occur during the process of their work.It is an old saying which holds authoritative in daily life No man is perfect we all do mistakes. But with the help of act of Prevention one can avoid doing many disasters, complexities, confusion and destruction. We can check ourselves from doing something by sentiment about the outcome (that can happen because of our negligence) first and then take appropriate action. Each and every action should be measured guardedly because solving the problem will be more time overwhelming and more painful compared to taking precaution so that the problem do not happen

European Year of Education through Sport 2004 Essay

Research, analyse and critically examine the (European Unions) European stratum of rearing by dint of turn 2004, illustrating your answer with examples from European countries. romp has been a major atomic number 18na for the disclose of popular European values perpetually since the very first enter Ancient Olympics were held at Olympia in 776 B.C. The Olympics of Ancient Greece and subsequently the young Olympics gave rise to the ideology of Olympism, a look of life that embodies by dint of gas these qualities and values. In the years that swallow passed, the changing face of merriment has modelled and re-modelled itself in line with contemporary trends and technological advancements, but the core beliefs have quelled the same. Whilst rase then in its infancy, fluctuation had to deal with bribery and corruption, with politics and commerce the same evils that have plagued the di pleasureing world at the highest train ever since fun has survived, and the ethos of s port and Olympism continue to be heralded as the master of health, vitality and virtue.In September 2003 a Eurobarometer survey was carried out, in show to establish the general public feelings towards gentility through sport. The results it restitutioned were unswerving in their support. Al or so two-thirds of the survey sample cited team spirit as the intimately important sporting value, whilst 70% were in favour of a harder crack take in on doping in sport. Amongst separate revelations of a similar trend it is notable that the 2 highest responses when asked if the EU should do more than to countenance education through sport were those of Greece (90% said yes) and Portugal (85%). These of course lead be the 2 main focal points for sporting excellence in 2004 hosting the Olympic Games and the European football Championships respectively.It is kick the bucket that the byicials of the European Union share the belief that the prominent values and health benefits that en kindle be garnered from education through sport are desirable. quest the conclusion of the Eurobarometer survey and further research, a budget totalling 11.5 million was do available specifically for the initiative they dubbed The European Year of Education through Sport ( look). The allocation of the budget is divided, in simple terms, as expound on the InfoBase Europe website, (www.ibeurope.com)A budget of 11.5 million will be available to support meetings, campaigns and events designed to further the engineers of the Year throughout the European Union.Whilst 11.5 million whitethorn appear at first glance to be a substantial core, further examination reveals otherwise. To be simplistic in analysis, let us say that the funds were equally divided amongst the European Unions 15 member states this would leave 766,667 (or 522,575 source www.xe.com) per nation to relegate internally to cover the entire year. This would work out at near 14,744 or 10,050 per week for the whole coun try, far less than the wage of whatever professional athletes.The UK branch of eye has 3 key objectives1. Promote EYES in the UK and on a pan-European basis.2. Give as m whatever hoi polloi as possible access to the work be downstairstaken during the EYES 2004 programme.3. let more young people in physical activity and sport, enhancing other developments in the field in the UK.These objectives run parallel with those of the EU as a whole (see annexe 1).In terms of publicity, the initiative is world spearheaded by an All-Star team of popular former and current stars of European sport the most familiar of these perhaps being Jurgen Klinsmann, Clarence Seedorf, Amelie Mauresmo and Sir Steven Redgrave. Alongside these 5 are another 37 individuals (as well as the Latvian National Football Team), ranging from internationally famed to somewhat obscure, all of whom are committed to actively supporting the campaign. (http//www.eyes-2004.info/254.0.html)T here seems to be a solid brute from which to build a satisfying Europe-wide success. In addition to the All-Star Team, EYES loafer boast partners from all over Europe, from a variety of different sports as well as many Governmental ministries and Educational Associations, 4 TV Channels and, perhaps most significantly, Sponsorship from VISA and the German travel appointment Vietentours.There will certainly be a significant come of publicity surrounding EYES as the year goes on. The logo, accompanied by its slogan (move your body, stretch your mind) will be on display at nearly 200 events during 2004, including the Olympic Games, the Paralympic Games and Euro 2004. It appears that from a promotional point of view, as well as the infrastructure, the EU has got it right. There will be plenty of opportunities for people to find out about and figure in EYES.But then what? Even if we were to blanket the entire spotless with an consciousness of EYES even if all cultivate in every nation participated what next? 2005 will not be the European Year of Education through Sport, II. Surely the priority must be to lay down the foundations for future and go along education through sport throughout the continent? Any continuing legacy or similar goes unmentioned in the aims and objectives sections of EYES on both the official website and InfoBase.The focus seems to be on get as many people interested in sport as possible, then assuming their enthusiasm will remain at a constant level without further promotion. It implies a level of naivety in terms of the EUs sentience of the plainly obvious expendable novelty value that can be associated with most short-term governmental and pan-European events of this ilk. There is no function in displace to prevent the invent from slipping into history without having made any real long-term difference to the education of the public through continuing participation in sport.The official UK website (www.eyes2004.org) contains information for schools on how to get involved, novels updates on EYES projects and media releases, and online challenges for schools to take part in by in adjustting results from different activities into a database to create live, on-line competition between schools(http//www.eyes2004challenges.org/splash.htm)This attempts to address the access aim of the website whether or not it does this remains to be seen.In my personal experience, the efforts of the British arm of the project so far appear to have been poor, specially on the promotional side. Public awareness seems to be non-existent I have mentioned EYES to many people, young and old, at every level of the education system from my neighbours primary school children to my 16 year old brother, to my Mother, (a project manager at the local anaesthetic 6th form college). Neither any of them, nor any of the others I spoke to were previously aware of the EYES. Whilst I am aware that this casual sampling cannot be considered in any way to be indicative of th e entire British population, they dont scarcely imply a resounding success of the project in my local area. However, it is important to note that in this, as in all cases, lonesome(prenominal) 4 months of the year have passed and at that place is still time for awareness to be created.There are 5 projects currently running here in the UKThe use of sport and education for the social comprehension of mental institution seekers and refugees. (Loughborough University)Basic Skills and Education through Sport (Hull City Council)Clean number 1 programme (UK Sport)Learning Through Football Euro 2004 (Football Association)Leeds Education Activity partnership (Leeds City Council)http//www.eyes2004.org/projectnews.htmThe first project on the list highlights the poor promotional conniption perfectly. Whilst it is being run here at Loughborough University the level of awareness of the project itself and of EYES as a whole has been minimal.Continental Europe, however, whitethorn erect to be a different story. Whilst the British Physical Education system is comparatively relaxed in its decentralisation, possibly leading to the aforementioned ineffectualness in the dissemination of the EYES message, the French political infrastructure, for example, may prove a far more effective and efficient vehicle for the promotion of EYES due to its highly centralised nature.Another aspect is to promote the value of voluntary work for the young and the benefits it can provide for inner education. An example of this is in Portugal where by The Portuguese Youth Institute back up by the European Voluntary Service are giving children under the age of 16 the opportunity to help out in European Football Championships 2004 as ball boys and holding flags and banners before games. The aim of the device is to bring young people from different communities and racial backgrounds together through voluntary participation in sport.It may likewise be argued that, whilst 2004 may have init ially appeared to be the ideal year for EYES, with 2 internationally prestigious sporting events being hosted in Europe the reality may be somewhat different in that EYES could well be overshadowed to the point of insignificance by both Euro 2004 and the Athens Olympics.To make a determinate statement about the success of EYES at this early stage in the year would I feel be somewhat nave. It can be said however, that the right building blocks have been put into place in order to make it a success. The infrastructure and the organisational aspect is far-reaching enough to be of use to the whole continent whilst remaining centralised enough in key areas to focus on the same goals. The promotional side is again set up right, with representatives from many sports and many countries being involved from the high-profile to the less glamorous.Whilst the signs of implementation of EYES in schools are supporting(a) LEAPS (Learning and education through activity and participation in sports) in capital of Ireland Basic skills and Education through Sport (Hull) Together in Sport for growing up (Italy) the true results of EYES success in schools may take some time due to the enormous amount of feedback needed to get a realistic overview of all events and projects.The apparent lack of continuation in terms of the aims and objectives of the initiative can be put down to one of two things. One is that the EU are banking on the continuing success of a one-off push into sport, ignoring the possibility of a speedy return to the low participation rates of recent years. The more likely interpretation is that, whilst the EU realise that the effects of EYES may wear off as the future years go by, it will be more effective, addicted the comparatively small budget available, to concentrate on getting the message out there to as many people as possible this year than to try to implement long-running programmes with less public awareness. finally the deciding factor on the success or failure of EYES, as with most things, will be the budget. Even if, as suggested, the money is say in the correct manner with minimal amounts of wastage, it is still a comparatively insignificant sum on an international scale. I would predict that for there to be any lasting impression left by EYES on the future education through sport in this continent, the amount of funding behind the initiative would have to be substantially larger.Bibliographyhttp//www.museum.upenn.edu/new/Olympics/olympicorigins.shtml(Accessed 15/03/04)http//www.ecdel.org.au/whatsnew/2003/sports.htm(Accessed 15/03/04)http//www.ibeurope.com/Database/Factsheets/F050eyes.htm(Accessed 15/03/04)http//www.europa.eu.int/comm/sport/key_files/annee_eur/a_2004_en.html(Accessed 15/03/04)http//www.xe.com/ucc/(Accessed 15/03/04)http//www.eyes2004.org/splash.htm(Accessed 17/03/04)http//www.eyes2004.org/projectnews.htm(Accessed 18/03/04)http//www.eyes-2004.info/254.0.html(Accessed 18/03/04)http//www.eyes-2004.info/4138.0. html(Accessed 18/03/04)Annexe 1The Aims of EYES(http//www.ibeurope.com/Database/Factsheets/F050eyes.htm)The aims of the European Year are(a)to make educational institutions and sports organisations aware of the need for cooperation in order to develop education through sport and its European dimension, given the very great interest that young people take in all kinds of sport(b)to take advantage of the values conveyed through sport to develop knowledge and skills whereby young people in particular can develop their physical prowess and readiness for personal effort and also social abilities such as teamwork, solidarity, tolerance and fair play in a multicultural framework(c)to promote awareness of the positive theatrical role that voluntary activities make to non-formal education, especially of young people(d)to promote the educational value of pupil mobility and exchanges particularly in a multicultural purlieu through the organisation of sporting and cultural contacts as part of school activity(e)to encourage the exchange of good practice concerning the role sport can play in education systems to promote the social inclusion of disadvantaged groups(f)to create a better balance between reason and physical activity in school life by encourage sport in school activities(g)to consider the problems relating to the education of young sportsmen and sportswomen victorious part in competitive sports.

Medical Billing and Coding Essay

Today the cause and effect of medical checkup armorial bearing and cryptanalytics is that they share a family relationship because they each share something similar in a way. They are both understood when they are spoke ab come to the fore. merely as you know boot and tag are and can be combined together as headspring. But what I would like my reader to know is my goals and achievements to bring a medical billing and label medical specializers as well the understanding of medical billing and cryptography and what is has to offer if you treasured to take up this major or was looking to get a job in this field of work at. And because of the cause and effect of billing relationship medical billing and medical coding share is genuine for coding to have basic knowledge of the billing process and for a specialist to have a basic knowledge of the coding process.What is medical billing and coding? medical billing and coding specialists is healthcare professional responsibl e for processing patient data between physicians much(prenominal) as treatment records and related insurance information as well as third party payers. Without them, healthcare businesses could non function efficiently. Its to a fault the process of submitting and followed up on claims to insurance companies in order to cause salary for the service. Medical billing and coding professionals hold pivot roles in hospitals doctors offices physicians practices and specialty medical practices.Medical billing and coding is a robust biography field that is dependent to anyone with a high school diploma or equivalent GED certificate. I believe my goals for becoming a medical coding and billing specialists I am passage to continue working to achieve my A.A. Degree as well as continue into taking some medical courses much(prenominal) as medical terminology, Coding Courses like Part 2 average coding exercises ICD-9-CM coding Instructions. Sequence the ICD-9-CM principal diagnosis in th e commencement diagnosis position. Assigning all reportable secondary diagnosis including V codes and E codes (both cause of injury and authority of occurrence) also some package courses as well asbusiness classes. In order for me to achieve to become a medical billing and coding specialists Im going to have to work hard and stay positive and not be a procrastinator.Achieving to become a medical billing and coding specialists to me will be somewhat challenging considering that having a full while job that requires a certain amount of hours a week, so that agency you have to take courses around that schedule. That means Im going to have to work harder to achieve my goals and achievements to become a medical billing and coding specialists. But you know what? Im going to defeat every obstacle that comes in front of me to achieve my goals to become a medical billing and coding specialists. Im going to satisfy every step and every achievement that needs to be through in order for me to become a medical billing and coding specialist. As a child growing up, I have seen aunts uncles and cousins charter a career in the medical field. So as I get older I wanted a career in the medical field too. My first step would be to talk with an advisor and see what my options would be in order to startcourse for medical billing and coding and my second step would be to start out with classes that I know need to be do first in order to get my egotism in the door in a place were I can start and career and finish out the succour of the courses in the meantime as needed for company policy and also make an effort to better my self for a good career and get on the right path . My final step would be to get a certificate so I can work in an office setting and help patients with a different varieties of payment options that better suits them and there needs and as I am done with all courses I can look back and say I am a very good achiever and be uplifted of myself for achievi ng my goals. In Conclusion through this essay I gave an idea on what medical billing and coding specialist are and what they do as well as some information about myself as I am also wanting to achieve and give my self goals to become a medical billing and coding specialists.I plan on becoming a medical billing and coding specialists here in the near future so I can tell my self I have a career and that I am on the right path. It is a very good career to overcome. Its constantly prim to help patients and make them feel good that they walked away knowing that the specialist who helped them find the right payment option for them that fits there needs. Helping anyone has continuously been one of my goals I love helping people and knowing that is alwaysa good thing to do. Knowing to have a good career always gives me hope and happiness. Through dedication, hard work and goals and achievements as well as accomplishment I will become a medical billing and coding specialist in no time.

Employment and labor scenarios

Prospective Risk Management strike and describe strategies you could adopt to limit legal risk in this champaign in the future. Be prepared to address any questions the committee may have. Identify and describe strategies you could adopt to limit legal risk in this area in the future. Hiring panel/ interview panel Suggest a hiring panel or an interview panel. To minimize the possibility of such a scenario happening In the future, a strategy just be highly-developed that requires the Involvement of several germane(predicate) resources.These resources Include the human resources department and other(a) managers. Communication, education, and reporting must be Integrated In a be after that successfully nameless the chance of recurrence. We suggest a hiring panel that populate of a human resource manager, hiring supervisor, recruiter, and departmental representative. These members will make up a hiring panel that spread the responsibility of ethics in make hiring decisions. Human resource review Recommend human resources review every(prenominal) hiring decisions before they are final.Require documentation regarding hiring rationale Suggest that documentation be required explaining rationale for all(a) decisions. A decision to hire or not hire a candidate should be based on qualifications and attributes that are attractive to the hiring organization. Managers make sound decisions in their hiring choice should be able to document rationale. This may materialize as a ensample document consistent throughout the organization or as a aroma correspondence supporting the hire of a candidate among the hiring panel.This fictional character of documentation may also serve as a pecker to defend an organization or manager in cases like scenario C. act education Promote frequent education of best hiring practices and enforceable laws. The final stage of continuing education on hiring practices within the organization is meant to ensure that all affected personnel a re aware of best practices, current trends, and laws relevant to hiring. Education should Include the Call Rights Act, delimitation scenarios, and related call cases.It Is suggested hither that organizations use ready reckoner training modules to update and refresh members of the organization on a departments in staff meetings. There should be a elbow room to account for the comprehension of education material. Methods include post educational tests from computer models and statements of attendance and understanding in meetings. Apply the four principles of ethics to hiring practices. Suggestions move over mediators or arbitrators ready for situations like this.

Personal life Essay

My protactiniumdy and I have a warmer blood than my mammary gland and I. The relationship between my papa and I, is different than the relationship with my mom because ever since blood line id always be with my dada. Having mostly done everything with my dad it got our relationship so close I did not want to do many things with my mom. My dad would act like such a kid it would make me impression as if he was my best friend. I feel closer to my dad, rather than my mom is because of our time spent together over the years. Also the rich time spent getting to know each another(prenominal) thoroughly.thither atomic number 18 lots of differences between the relationship I have with my dad versus my mom. I spend more time with my dad comparatively than my mom which makes a giant difference to my relationship with each of them. Eating things my dad would eat, to being influenced to a big time hockey fan. My mom could not be as open and have a kid soul while playing with me. Bei ng busy for my dad is a big deal, therefore me and him always try to be as active as we support. For example we always play hockey in the backyard. On the other hand my mom is not too keen of being active herself.My relationship with my dad and mom, have several things in common. First, both atomic number 18 always trying their best for me. For example, they both work hard, so they can provide me with good food, shelter, and clothing. A second way in which they are similar is that they both make the utmost choices for me, even though I may think they are wrong or dont like them.

How accurate is it to say that the causes of the demonstrations outside the Holy Cross Primary School in August 2001 date back to 1968?

On September 3rd 2001 the students of Holy wipe chief(a) School were referable to return back to coach for the new bourne, however this was do thorny due to the Protestant protesters who had gathered impertinent of the school and the surrounding world to show their objection to the Catholic children and their pargonnts wal poove down what was regarded to be a Protestant street on their way to school.These riots made it highly concentrated for the young Catholic girls to get to and from school ein truth morning and good afterwardnoon their parents faced a choice, to either upshot their children through the barricades hastily erected by the police and army, therefore showing the Protestants that they would non back down, or to take their children to school via the back entrance, which avoided the riots, exclusively meant that the children and their parents had to walk a oftentimes pineer, and to a greater extent difficult route. The Catholic parents overly felt that th is meant that the Protestants were getting their way, and so legion(predicate) of the parents chose to take their children through the police barricades, even though this meant subjecting the young girls to the personnel and abuse that the Protestant rioters hurled at them.These riots were not unprovoked. Tension had been growing in the surrounding area for some time and the events outside of Holy mug were a result of the growing hostility that was felt surrounded by the twain sides.Both the Protestants and the Catholics felt threatened by from individually one opposite, and neither precious to show any weakness.There were a number of pitiable boundary braces for what happened outside of Holy deflower. The first of these was the fact that there were the devil pick religious communities, the Protestants and the Catholics, living in such close proximity to each former(a), twain communities felt threatened by each other, believing that the other community was pickings li berties and trying to drive their community out of the area. some other of these short end point causes was the fact that there was a very graduate(prenominal) rate of unemployment in the area, this meant that there were a lot of unemployed magnanimous men with slide fastener to do in all in all day, therefore they had too much time on their hands to object to everything that the other community did, and also many of them would purposefully try and antagonise the other side so that they could release some of their pent up energy and anger.One of the main short term causes however was the way in which the younger generations of both faiths were being brought up. Both Protestant and Catholic communities kept their children separated from children of the other religion, both by sending them to single faith schools such as Holy Cross, where only Catholic children attended, and by living in microscopical communities of predominantly one religion families. Therefore these childre n did not get to endure each other or plough friends and so there was nothing stopping them from taking on their parents prejudices and government activityal beliefs.However, as I mentioned originally the events outside of Holy Cross were not only caused by short term causes, but long term causes as well.In 1171 the king of Eng footing Henry II visited Ire sphere and pertinacious to name himself the Lord of Ireland, this change made very superficial difference to the ruling of Ireland, and by 1500 slope kings had little or no advocator over any of Ireland except a small area surrounding Dublin cognise at The Pale.This all changed in the 16th century when the incline rulers started to take to a greater extent of an relate in Ireland. As Ireland was still populate mainly by Catholics the English monarchs feared that it could be used as a useful base for usurpation from surrounding Catholic countries such as France and Spain because by 1560 England was an only if Protesta nt country and this was disliked by Catholic European countries.To take to a greater extent take for of Ireland Henry VIII of England changed his title from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland and told Irish nobles they were to be his subjects.The Irish did not take this well, and in Elizabeth Is rule the responsibilitys of Ulster and Munster rebelled. Elizabeth direct in her army to deal with the rebellion.In the 17th century the English Monarchy realised that the best way to crap control over Ireland was not by force, but by land. The main source of power in Ireland was held by Irish landowners.The English monarchy set about taking land from the rich Catholic nobles in Ireland and big their land to English Protestants, these were k right offn as plantations, and the aim of them was to take control over Ireland by bad the land to people who were loyal to the king.The main plantations were in Ulster which is now where the main conflict between Catholics and Protestants takes pl ace.This created both economic and amicable reasons for what would later become the troubles in Union Ireland and so for what happened outside Holy Cross first School.The economic reason was that taking a great deal of land off of people left them homeless, without a means of income and also introduced a lot more people into the communities and so therefore the communities had to deal with more people to support. The social reason was that taking the land off of the Catholics and giving it to the Protestants caused a great deal of resentment towards the Protestants.However, even though the Protestants now held a large proportion of the land in Ireland they did not bind complete control, and when Catholic king James II became king of England in 1685. King James II lost his throne in 1688 but soon returned to Ireland with French troops intending to invade England.He was not booming and Protestant King William of Orange defeated James in the competitiveness of the Boyne on the 1 st of July 1690.This is a social reason for the lengthy fighting in northern Ireland because the Protestants still celebrate their victory at the Battle of the Boyne by organising Orange Marches, these only increase the latent hostility between the two communities and often end in violence.The Protestant victory now meant that they had complete control over Ireland and the Catholics, and they mean to keep this control, the Irish parliament introduced penal laws, which were in place to keep the Catholics out of power.These laws reserve tongue to that Catholics could not own large amounts of land, be properly educated, become a member of parliament or own weapons. This therefore made it extremely hard, if not impossible for a Catholic to gain any power whatsoever.I think that this is both a religious and a political reason for the troubles in northerly Ireland because the Catholics were being discriminated against simply because of their religion and they were not able to gain any political power to help themselves to gain equal rights.Towards the end of the 18th century many of the Catholics in Ireland decided that it was time to do something about the British rule over Ireland. They called themselves Nationalists because they cherished Ireland to become a separate nation from Britain. They fight between the Catholic nationalists and the Protestant unionists, who want to keep Ireland part of Britain, is the fight which still continues straightaway in blue Ireland and cause the events outside of Holy Cross ancient School.During the 18th and 19th centuries the Catholic nationalist get downed 3 revolutions, all of which failed. Ireland was still controlled by Protestants.In 1905 a nationalist political fellowship was set up by Catholics, it was named Sinn Fein. With the start of nationalists having a voice in parliament changes slowly started to come around. The political nationalist were not demanding that Ireland became a separate state from Britai n, only that it had its own government which would be unobjectionable to both Protestants and Catholics.In 1918 the Irish people, both Protestant and Catholic voted on the future of Ireland, the outcome was that Ireland would have Home rule but preventative part of the British empire. However, this did not please the predominantly Protestant province of Ulster where the majority of inhabitants were unionists and wanted Ireland to be entirely govern by Britain.In 1921 a partition treaty was signed, this excluded Ulster the home rule, meaning that it was still ruled by Britain.However, this created a social problem in Northern Ireland because although Northern Ireland was mainly inhabited by Protestant thousands of Catholics were now left apart(p) in a country where they were the minority and very unfairly set and most were unable to move.The Stormont Parliament was set up, this was intended to look after both Catholics and Protestants but was not successful in this because it was entirely controlled by Protestants, who did not want to entertain equal rights to Catholics in fear of the Catholics taking control. This meant that they gave Catholics poor council hold, few jobs and unfair treatment towards all Catholics, causing political, economic, and social problems.These past events show how the rivalry between the Catholics and the Protestants developed and grew. These events were long term reasons for what happened outside of Holy Cross Primary School because if it were not for the tension between the two religions and the segregation of Northern Ireland from the Republic of Ireland the short term events, such as what happened in 1968, would not have happened.In 1968 Catholics in Northern Ireland started nonaggressive marches to try and gain themselves equal rights. These peaceful marches only ever ended in violence, because the Protestants felt very threatened by the Catholics trying to regain equality. The Protestants did not want to give Catholics e qual rights because they did not want to relinquish their control over Northern Ireland. The fighting which was started by the 1968 Catholic demonstrations continued for many years, calling a halt to any prospect of peace talks between the two religious groups.The fighting caused the resignation of the Protestant Prime minister Terence ONeill, who had been so keen to install peace and equality into Northern Ireland.By high-minded 1969 the British army had been sent in to try and control the fighting. This was intended to be a temporary measure, but the army have neer left, and are still there today.At last the British organization managed to get unionist leaders of Northern Ireland to make changes in their policies to start to make things fairer to the Catholic communities in Northern Ireland.The things that were changed wereElections, elections at the time were extremely biased in the Protestants favour as gerrymandering took place very often.Housing, The council housing had be en unfairly given out by local Protestant councils and this was an attempt to give Catholics decent housing.Unemployment, the government promised to reduce the levels of unemployment in Northern Ireland, these promises were never fulfilled.Police, the police force in Northern Ireland was an entirely Protestant build up force, which naturally was biased against the Catholics.By 1970 Northern Ireland was in crisis, The British government had decided to suspend the Stormont government and take direct rule, meaning that Northern Ireland affairs were controlled directly from Westminster.This had little effect however as paramilitary force groups started to take hold over the country. A new strand of the wrath had emerged calling themselves the provisional IRA, they took control of many of the Catholic areas. They were determined to unloosen Northern Ireland of British control, and would do so by force. However the Protestant paramilitary units, the Ulster Freedom Fighters, Ulster Def ence Army and the Ulster Volunteers Force were equally as determined to keep Northern Ireland united directly to Britain.Northern Ireland was in chaos, the fighting between Catholics and Protestants continued.I believe that this fighting is directly linked to the riots outside Holy Cross in 2001, such recent fighting meant that both sides were still angry and threatened by one another.The long term causes of the events outside Holy Cross demonstrate how the two religious sides became rivals, the introducing of Protestant plantations and the Protestants slowly gaining control over Ireland and the Catholics are what fuelled the fighting between the two communities for hundreds of years.However, I do not believe that the fighting in Northern Ireland, and in particular the rioting that occurred outside Holy Cross Primary School in 2001 was entirely about religious beliefs, I feel that the fighting was caused by the political situation in Northern Ireland, the fact that the minority Cat holic group want more control over what happens in Northern Ireland and that the Protestants do not want to give up their level of control, which is why they did not want to let the Catholic families walk freely down their streets to get to Holy Cross Primary School.I think that the riots outside of Holy Cross where not entirely just about children walking down a street inhabited by a different religious community to get to school but about the fear the two communities have installed in each other during the short term causes such as the fighting. Both sides are scared that they will be driven out by the other.In conclusion I think that it is not accurate to say that the causes of the demonstrations outside the Holy Cross Primary School in August 2001 meet back to 1968 because the causes of the conflict in Northern Ireland dates back many centuries. I believe that It would be correct to say that the troubles from 1968 onwards are a major factor in causing the demonstrations outside Holy Cross Primary School in August 2001 but that the actual cause dates back a lot further than 1968.