Philosophy with Logic Essay

philosophy has troopsy questions- Asking the right questions From Greek news show PHILO (Love) & SOPHIA ( information) which means lover of experience * PHYTAGORAS, a Greek Philosopher, was the first to use the term Philosophy. * He noted that there atomic number 18 deuce-ace types of man a. lover of pleasure b. lover of success c. lover of wisdom * the last, according to him, is the SUPERIOR TYPE. * Wisdom here deals with the principles of topics, the first cause of to each one(prenominal) beings. It deals with an understanding on the meaning of atomic number 53s founding and the importance of things around her/ him (Socio, 2007).The chief goal of wisdom is a funda handstal understanding of reality as it relates to living a good life. * We might say then, that wisdom is good judgement well-nigh composite plant situations. Consequently, wisdom involves reflection, insight, a capacity to learn from experience and some plausible inventionion of the pitying occasion (Buen aflor, 2009). Philosophy is a search for meaning and therefore intended only for the rational beings. He who has the wherefore of things can bear al to the highest degree any how- Victor Frankyl Philosophy uses lawsuit to attain its object.Whatever is atomic number 53s state in life, whenever she is and whatever she does she will always be left philosophizing. Therefore philosophy is always present. Philosophy- The science of all things by their first causes as known by the light of reason Philosophy covered all aspects of human knowledge. The early philosophers believed that philosophy is the foundation of all learning in the possibility of a total world picture and in the unity of all veritys- whether scientific, ethical, religious or aesthetic.Philosophy as subject sought to provide if not all the answers the, the answers to at least the most ultimate and fundamental questions. Why study Philosophy? The study of Philosophy is very important because it offers students a chan ce to explore the fundamental questions about human existence and to see exactly what thinkers in divergent periods have had about the essence of human being. Philosophy can help clarify our thoughts. The clearer a someone thinks the more she/he expresses himself/herself and more accurate way of examining and making decisions about life.It is philosophy that digs into the reconcile causes of mans problems and discovers the true solutions and remedies to human ills. Plato- The Philosopher King Why study Philosophy? Philosophy is one of the best ways of enriching your life, even as it prepares you for life. Philosophys critical skills offer the best defense reaction against foolishness and falsehoods. Philosophy is one of the most practical subjects in college. Logic helps the students in the following areas * rendition & Analysis * Abstract Reasoning * Research & Synthesis * Communications Branches of Philosophy.* Logic- the science of correct abstract thought * Epistemology- it deals with the fount and validity of human knowledge * Metaphysics- it deals with the study of beings and the origin of things. * Theodicy- the study of God in the light of subjective reason. (Philosophy of Religion) * Cosmology- the study of the universe from a philosophical bandstand * Philosophical or Rational Psychology- the study of man not only as a thinking or sensing being but as compose of body and soul * Ethics- a philosophical study that deals with how life should be lived and the means of attaining a meaningful existence. *Aesthetics or Philosophy of Arts- deals with the philosophical study of arts and strike. It answers the question like What is beauty? Philosophy can also be divided into the following disunitees called Philosophies of Discipline * Philosophy of Persons- it deals with the study about the dignity of man, truth, freedom, justice, love, death and his relationship with others and with God. * Social Philosophy- it deals with the philosophical study of a society and its institutions. It is concerned in determining the features of the best society as it deals with the study of relationships of the human person.* Philosophy of Science- This deals with the justification and objectivity of scientific knowledge. * Philosophy of mathematics- The aim of philosophy of mathematics is to provide an account of the constitution and methodology of mathematics and its importance. * Philosophy of Law- This branch of philosophy deals with the whys of the law. It also aims to guide peoples actions in semipolitical community and thereby protect basal interests or rights. * Philosophy of Education- This branch of philosophy provides a philosophical understanding of the issues in education.It deals with the antithetical methods of education and its effects in the learning of the human person. * Philosophy of Psychology- it deals with twenty-four hours-after-day reflections on ones thoughts and deeds and on the behavior of others * Philosophy o f Religion- Study of God from a philosophical viewpoint * Philosophy of History- This branch of Philosophy is an attempt to answer substantive questions dealing with such matters as the import or possible purpose of the historical processes and the factors fundamentally responsible for historical development and change.* Philosophy of Love- this branch deals with the meaning and value of love in the human person. * Philosophy of Culture- This is the philosophical study of all aspects of human life. Its aim is to interpret and transmit to future generations the system of values. * Philosophy of Women- This is also called philosophy of feminism, which refers to the study of the wakeless and political rights of women, as well as the relationship between the sexes in terms of inequality, subordination, or oppression. What is the basic requirement of becoming a Philosopher? The faculty of wonder. philosophy asks the question WHY? Where did Philosophy originates? West- Greece East- Chi na and India Factors that sacrifice to the development of Philosophy in Greece * Geography * Invention of Games * Invention of coins * Myths Logic Etymologically, Logic is deduced from the Greek word Logike denoting a treatise on matters pertaining to thought. The term was coined by Zeno the Stoic. St. Thomas doubting Thomas defines Logic as the art that directs the debate process so that man may attain knowledge of truth in an tack togetherly way, with readiness and without error.As art, Logic is the tool of all sciences. The Scholastics considered it as the art of all other arts because it is employ in every science and in every practical endeavor. As science, Logic studies the logical properties tortuous in the act of knowledge such as the logic of notions or concepts, the logic of judgement, the logic of reasoning and the logic of science. As science, Logic is a systematized body of logical truths and principles governing the habit of critical thinking and reasoning. Histo ry of Logic Zeno the Stoic coined the actual name Logic.He established the rules of argumentation to clarify the nature of concepts by using the Prior and Posterior analytics of Aristotles logical works. This endeavor degenerated because of the clever rhetoric and crafty persuasion of the Sophists. Socrates refuted the error by vindicating the value concepts in knowing reality. Plato, the most distinguished student of Socrates, philosophized that truth is the same as the ultimate, ideal reality. Aristotle corrected this error. He wrote six treatises on Logic known as the Organon He stated that ideas are mental operations that exist only in the mentality.He is considered as the founder of science. Porphyrius wrote the categories of Aristotle known as Isagoge Boethius translated Aristotles Organon and wrote commentaries on the Isagoge. Avicenna and Averroes wrote commentaries of Aristotles Organon Thomas Aquinas wrote commentaries on the logical works of Aristotle Francis Bacon wrot e the Novum Organon. He introduced the Theory of Induction. John Stuart Mill developed Bacons Novum Organon Recently, George Boole founded the bare-ass Symbolic Logic . Because of its limited scope of application its popularity declined. Methods of Reasoning.* Inductive method- where we can obtain universal knowledge by considering the particular ex. Repeated experience of seeing falling bodies towards the ground. We may induce that this is common to all bodies. * Deductive- When we proceed from universal knowledge to particular cases ex. Logic is divided according to the three acts of the mind. * Apprehension * astuteness * Reasoning Simple Apprehension It is the basic operation of the mind or the mental processes by which we apprehend the general meaning of the thing without affirming or denying anything about it. It is the basic operation of the mind that leads to a concept ex.man dog Judgment It is the act of the mind by which we compare two concepts, either they ascertain o r not. If we put concepts together, the end result is called judgement or proposition. Ex. Man Laughs Reasoning It is the act of the mind by which we derive new truths from previously assumed truth. The mind combines several judgments or propositions in order to arrive at a previously unknown judgment it is called syllogism. Ex. All men are paseo Cyrus is a man. Therefore Cyrus is walking. Mental Act External Sign Apprehension Term Judgement bid Reasoning Syllogism Terms.The term deduced from the Latin terminus is the extramental symbol of an idea. A term is an external expression of an idea. Ideas are mental expressions of external objects. Logical properties of terms * Comprehension of a term- It is the sum total of all the qualities / elements that consist the meaning of the term A manifestation of the essence of the object. It is also known as connotation. The comprehension of carnal is animate living material substance. * The Extension of a Term- It is the sum total of the particulars to which the comprehension of a term can be employ.It is also known as denotation e. g. The extension of the comprehension sentient living material substance(animal) is birds, mammals, reptiles, birds, mammals etc.. The comprehension and extension of terms are inversely related. The greater the comprehension the lesser the extension and vice-versa Comprehension Extension Substance substance Spirits, minerals, plants, brutes,men Body Material substance Minerals, plants, brutes, men being Living material substance plants, brutes, men Animal Sentient living material substance brutes, men Man Rational sentient living material substance MenClassification of Terms I. consort to Extension Extension of Terms- is defined as property of a term by which such a term is applied to other things. Terms have three extensions namely curious, Particular and Universal * Singular Term is an extension of term that stands for a single definite individual or group. It is used to measure up the individual or group. It is quantified by * Demonstrative pronouns- This, That e. g. this book, that boy * The article the connotes a single idea e. g. the cup, the umbrella * Personal Pronouns- I, You, He, my, yours , he ,she.* Collective nouns- flock, clan, team * Particular Terms-stand for a definite part of the absolute extension. This is applied to a given part of a given group. Particular terms have the following quantifiers 1. ) questionable Pronouns and Adjectives- Some, few, many, most, several, not all, etc. e. g. some people, most roads 2. ) Use of Numbers- seven candidates 3. ) Articles A and AN give a particular idea e. g. a saucer, an umbrella Universal terms- stands for every subject signified. This is when meaning is extended to each and every member of the group.The signs of universality are 1.) Universal Expression/Quantifiers- all, every, each, whatever, whoever, which ever, without exception, everything, no, no one etc. e. g. Ex. No man is an island All st udents of Rogationist College will wear their uniform 2. ) Universal Ideas- e. g. Tomorrow is a new day Dogs are not cats 3. ) Articles in the Universal idea- e. g. The book has pages A snake is a dangerous creature II. fit to Meaning * Univocal- it signifies the same concept or essence, in (at least) two occurrences of the term e. g. Gloria Arroyo became the President of the nation of the PhilippinesBenigno Aquino jr.is the president of the Republic of the Philippines * Equivocal Term- The term is outwardly or apparently the same but it signifies diverse concepts or essences. E. g. left (left hand) left ( gone) right (right hand) right (correct) * Analogous term- it expresses partly the same and partly different in meanings ex.Head does not have the same meaning in head of the family and head of a man. III. According to Quality * Positive in form, positive in meaning e. g. life, justice, truth, * Positive in form, prejudicious in meaning e. g. murder, massacre, famine * nix in form, negative in meaning e. g.immature, incompetent, dishonest * Negative in form, positive in meaning e. g. immortal, unblemished IV. According to Relation * Compatible- those that can co- exist in a subject examples wise and good beauty and brain rich and famous tall, dark and grown* Incompatible- those that cannot co-exist in a subject. They exclude each other. There are four kinds of incompatible Ideas * Contradictory- those that express a positive and negative concept. Contradictories are correlatively exclusive such that the affirmation of one is the denial of the other. mingled with them, there is no threesome (middle) possibility.Examples legal-illegal patient-impatient literate-illiterate valid-invalid * Contrary- those that express extremes belonging to the same class. Between these ideas, there is a third (middle) ground. Examples rich-poor hot-cold kind-cruel high-low beautiful-ugly * Privative- two opposed ideas, one of which expresses perfection, and the other it s lack which ought to be possessed. Examples sight-blindness truth-error hearing-deafness good-evil * Correlative- two opposed ideas that bear mutual relation to one another such that one cant be dumb without the other.They signify each other because one depends the other. Examples cause-effect whole-part husband wife parent-child According to Object 1. ) Real- it expresses something that has existential actuality, whether positive or negative. Examples clarity, temperance, scandal, unemployment, chair, table 2. ) Logical- it is used as a conceptual device to facilitate learning. Examples subject, predicate, classification, division, phyla, genera 3. ) Imaginary- it has no correspondence in reality but is merely a concoction of the mind.Examples Spider man, flying carpet, darna, talking tree According to Comprehension * Concrete- the term is used to express concrete concepts such as those perceivable by the senses or whose referent is tangible. Example ball, desk, table,brilliant lawyer * Abstract- The term is used to express abstract concepts such as those understood by the mind or whose referent is intangible. The term denotes being, quality, quantity or relationship. It denotes the property of a thing regarded as an entity by itself. Examples humanity, dullness.